Process for making controlled release medical implant and non-implant products

ABSTRACT

A multi-step method of making a mammalian subcutaneous medical implant or non-implant for releasing self-contained drugs on a controlled basis over at least a 3 day period includes depositing at least portions of one or more individual layers of the implant by at least one computer controlled 3-D printer. The 3-D printing method may be accomplished via an array of 3-D nozzles that deposit materials (such as plastics, thermoplastics, coating materials, drug-containing matrix materials, non-drug containing matrix materials, bonding materials, biodegradable materials and/or the like) in very small, precise portions. The materials may be deposited in liquid, powder, sheet or other forms. Non-implant forms may also be provided by the techniques disclosed herein.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENTS AND APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation application based on U.S. application Ser. No.14/429,496 filed on Mar. 19, 2015, which is a national-stage entry under35 USC § 371 of PCT/US2013/063435 filed on Oct. 4, 2013, and claims thepriority benefits from U.S. non-provisional patent application Ser. No.13/796,875 filed on Mar. 12, 2013, and provisional patent applicationNo. 61/709,856, filed on Oct. 4, 2012, the entire contents of which arehereby expressly incorporated herein by reference.

Axxia Pharmaceuticals LLC (“Axxia”) owns prior issued U.S. Pat. Nos.5,633,000; 5,858,388; and 6,126,956 and U.S. Ser. Nos. 12/738,113;61/533,131; 13/264,813; 13/606,795; and 2008/011908, the entire contentsof each such prior-issue US patent and pending patent applicationcommonly owned by Axxia being expressly incorporated herein byreference. These Axxia prior patents and applications relate tocontrolled release medical implant products and various non-3-D printingprocesses for making those products. According to these Axxia priorpatents and applications, the implants (i) may be non-biodegradable orbiodegradable; (ii) may provide drug delivery over a few days, weeks ormonths; (iii) may provide a steady drug release without a “burst”; and(iv) may be in various sizes to accommodate the desired drug deliveryschedules. Significantly, none of these prior Axxia patents or patentapplications teach or suggest a 3-D printing method, let alone the 3-Dprinting method of this invention.

FIELD

This application sets forth novel 3-D printing processes for makingsubcutaneous medical implant products that provide for the controlledrelease of non-narcotic as well as opiate, opioid and/or other narcoticdrugs over a period of days, weeks or months. These novel processes canbe used to make a wide variety of subcutaneous medical implant productshaving self-contained controlled release drugs beyond those specificallydisclosed in Axxia's prior patents and applications. The presentinvention covers both the 3-D printing processes described below and theproducts made by those processes.

Although the present invention is primarily described herein withrespect to medical implant products, the invention also is applicablewith respect to medical non-implant products, such as tablets havingtime release capabilities and/or containing opioid products. Thus, forexample, the detailed description of the processes and products setforth herein with respect to implants are readily adaptable tonon-implant products as would be readily understood by one of ordinaryskill in the art after reading this disclosure.

Further, the drug and non-drug materials in the present invention arenot limited to the materials disclosed in the Axxia patents andapplications—e.g., there is no limitation to the hydromorphone drug orto the ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) orsilicone coating/matrix materials. For example, the drug materials maybe narcotics and/or non-narcotics. Likewise, the non-drug materials maybe biodegradable or non-biodegradable.

Thus, in addition to hydromorphone, this process also can be used tomake the probuphine implants of Titan Pharmaceuticals, the implants ofPurdue Pharma and the implants products of other companies. See, e.g.,U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,114,383 and 8,309,060. In other words, this applicationcovers all subcutaneous medical implant products containing controlledrelease drugs that are capable of being made by the invention.

The present processes and the products made by those processes areuseful in at least four fields of use: (1) the narcotic abuse field; (2)the drug compliance field (both narcotic and non-narcotic drugs); (3)the pain management field; and (4) the animal heath field.

BACKGROUND

Inkjet and other printing processes have been used in many fields tomanufacture products. For example, inkjet printing processes have beenused in the manufacture of LCD and semiconductor products. See, e.g.,U.S. Reissue Pat. No. 37,682, which although it involves an unrelatedtechnical field is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

In addition, printing processes (such as screen printing and lowtemperature casting techniques) have been the subject of considerationfor the manufacture of other medical (non-implant medical devices ornon-self-containing drug implants) products. See, e.g., “PrintingEvolves: An Inkjet For Living Tissue,” published in the Wall StreetJournal on Sep. 18, 2012 at pages D1 and D3; and the Axxiapatents/applications.

Further, non-printing methods have been used to create medical implantproducts, via conventional methods. These non-printing methods include,inter alia, hot-melt casting, extrusion, shrink-wrap and solvent basedprocesses.

While some prior art processes have commercial advantages and they canbe used as a part of the invention herein, it is the inventors' opinionthat these prior art processes alone (i.e., when used without at leastone 3-D printing process step) fail to satisfy at least one or more ofthe advantages that the present 3-D printing invention seeks to providefor controlled release subcutaneous medical implant devices and medicalnon-implant products. For example, a partial listing of the advantagesthat may result from the present 3-D printing invention are believed toinclude at least some of the following:

1. The structure of the non-drug portions of the implant or non-implantproduct may be designed and controlled rather precisely due to (i) thesmall, precise amounts of material deposited by each 3-D nozzle and (ii)the very thin or ultra-thin layer-by-layer building method of 3-Dprinting; and

2. The drug release pattern of the implants or non-implants may beprecisely regulated by the use of the 3-D nozzles to create the producton a layer-by-layer basis for the same reasons; and

3. The shape and configuration of the implant or non-implant may bemodified as desired by, for example, using the 3-D printing nozzles todeposit non-permanent materials that may be readily removed by etching,laser, mechanical, chemical or other known means; and

4. The present invention may avoid irregularities resulting from cuttingor otherwise modifying extruded materials; and

5. The present invention may sometimes avoid the separate step ofloading a drug material within the implant or non-implant because, forexample, the precise ratio of the drug material and the non-drugmaterial in the matrix core can be precisely regulated and the releasepath and release rate of the drug materials within the matrix core tothe opening in the implant or non-implant device can be preciselydesigned; and

6. The present invention may provide great flexibility in the choice anduse of both drug materials and non-drug materials, whereas, for example,certain previously known processes limit the commercial choice ofplastic/thermoplastic/drug materials; and

7. Large numbers of implants or non-implants may be created at one timeand/or quickly so that, e.g., the overall yield is increased; and

8. The present invention may provide improved bonding/adhesion betweenthe drug containing matrix and other portions of the implant ornon-implant (e.g. the coating); and

9. High manufacturing yield may be achieved—e.g., approaching as high asabout 90-95%. Thus, for example, with hydromorphone costs ofapproximately $12,000/kg, this may be an important competitiveadvantage, especially in developing world markets. However, it should beunderstood that the present invention does not require that all of theseadvantages be achieved in every process or product covered by the scopeand spirit of the invention.

SUMMARY

In general, the present invention relates to computer-controlled 3-Dprinting methods that are used (either wholly or in part) to manufacturecontrolled release medical implant or non-implant products. One type of3-D printing is sometimes referred to as fused deposition modeling(FDM). This invention is not limited to any one type of 3-D printing.Further, and indicated previously, this invention covers both implantand non-implant processes and products. For the purpose of providing adetailed description of the invention, that description will focus uponimplant processes and products. However, those processes also areapplicable to the manufacture of non-implant products as would bereadily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art after reviewingthat description.

These subcutaneous implants provide for the controlled release ofself-contained drugs (whether they are narcotic or non-narcotic drugs)over at least a several week period. In one embodiment of the invention,the controlled release time period is 30 days or longer. However, thecontrolled release period may, in fact, also be a shorter period oftime, such as 3, 7, 14 or 21 days. Although a steady controlled releaseis frequently desired, the release rate can be varied over time. Inaddition, more than one drug may be released by an implant made inaccordance with the invention.

The 3-D printing method may be accomplished via an array of 3-D nozzlesthat deposit materials (such as plastics, thermoplastics, coatingmaterials, drug-containing matrix materials, non-drug containing matrixmaterials, bonding materials, biodegradable materials and/or the like)in very small, precise portions. The materials may be deposited inliquid, powder, sheet or other forms.

For example, the array of nozzles may be used to deposit one or more ofthese materials on a thin or ultra-thin layer-by-layer basis tocreate/build the final controlled release medical implant product.Although the 3-D nozzles may deposit the materials in droplet form, theuse of the nozzle array typically will result in a non-droplet shape ateach layer/slice. In one embodiment, there is a separate array of 3-Dnozzles for at least one portion of each layer.

However, the number of separate arrays of 3-D nozzles may be minimizedso long as the 3-D nozzles are capable of depositing more than one typeof material at different times during the process. Because thispresently may be commercially impractical with respect to somematerials, it may not always be a preferred process feature.Nevertheless, the scope of the invention cannot be avoided by thismodification.

With respect to the manufacture of the Axxia products disclosed in itsprior patents and applications, the array of 3-D nozzles of thisinvention is capable of depositing one or more types of materials duringat least a portion of at least one layer-by-layer step in the productbuilding process. The number of different types of materials depositedby the array during any one layer deposition is dependent upon, interalia, the composition and the geometric design of the final product.Where more than one material is deposited on a particular layer, thedifferent materials may be deposited simultaneously (either as a mixtureor by separate nozzles) or sequentially.

If deposited sequentially, a portion of the previously depositedmaterials in that layer may be removed prior to the subsequentdeposition of other materials by techniques such as etching, lasers orother means that are well known. This removal method may be beneficialwith respect to the deposition of drug materials and/or the creation ofopenings in the implant product.

In addition, the removed portions may involve one or more layers ofother materials so that an open shell of coating materials may becreated into which a drug-containing matrix core may be deposited via3-D or other methods. In that situation, for example, a drug-containingmatrix core may be deposited layer-by-layer via 3-D printing within theopen shell of the outside coating structure prior to the deposition ofthe top coating layer(s) of the implant product. In that situation, thematrix core may be created, inter alia, by having one or more 3-Dnozzles (i) deposit a mixture of the drug and non-drug materials; (ii)separately deposit the drug and non-drug materials; or (iii) depositultra-high pressure carbon dioxide as a part of the non-drug materialsin order to create an in situ foaming material that may enhanceinterconnective microporosity. The drug/non-drug material may be mixedhomogeneously or non-homogeneously.

Alternatively, instead of creating the matrix core within the open shellof coating materials, the matrix core may be created separately and thenmechanically or otherwise inserted within the open shell.

Furthermore, the matrix core structure and/or its drug release patternmay be enhanced (with respect to one or more of the layer-by-layerdepositions) by first depositing only the non-drug containing material,then removing portions of that material and then depositing the drugcontaining material. In that circumstance, the matrix core materialand/or the opening material may be deposited sequentially. For example,one or both of these materials may be deposited after another interim ortemporary material has been deposited and then removed. This approachhas the potential advantage of more precisely controlling the narcoticdrug release pattern via micro-channels within the matrix core and theopening in the implant device.

In yet another embodiment of the invention, a rapidly biodegradablematerial may be used to form all or part of the opening in the implantdevice. This may have the advantage of an improved hygienic productand/or to control the initial drug burst if, for example, one wanted tobegin drug release several days after implantation.

Similarly, a biodegradable material may be used to form all or part ofthe implant which, for example, obviates the need to physically removethe spent implant. Further, biodegradable material may be used to formall or part of the non-drug portion of the core. This may serve toimprove the control release of the drug materials from the core.

The present invention also contemplates a high-speed and cost-efficient3-D printing-based manufacturing process for building incrementalcomponents into finished drug delivery implant platforms. This processinvolves multiple pass or sequential deposition of the same or differentfunctional materials including active pharmaceutical ingredients whereinat least portions of some or all layers can be brought to a finalphysical product state using ultraviolet (UV) radiation or using othermeans.

More specifically, this radiation may instantly cross link thefunctional layers without the need for thermal assist, thereby allowingfor high speed operations while eliminating the possibility of thermaldecomposition to the component materials. In that regard, UV curingsystems are small, portable, highly efficient and inexpensive comparedto thermal curing or drying ovens. UV cross linkable formulations are100% solids liquids going into the printing process. No solvent isnecessarily required so there is no need to incur the expense ofrecovering or burning such a process aide that ultimately doesn't becomepart of or add any value the final product.

In addition, the present invention contemplates the situations where (a)the process involves the use of a 3-D printing process alone or (b) incombination with (i) an non-3-D inkjet process, (ii) a non-inkjetprocess, (iii) a combination of those two processes or (iv) acombination of one or more of those processes with one or more othernon-printing processes (such as extrusion). For example, in thecombination situation, it may be preferable to use an inkjet printerprocess to deposit certain materials and to use a non-inkjet printerprocess (or a non-printing process) to deposit other materials.

As indicated above, the present invention covers the situation where the3-D printing method is used to create all or only a portion of thecontrolled release medical implant product. As a result, the inventioncontemplates the situation where one or more layers or where one or moreparts of layers are created by non-3-D methods. For example, all or partof the matrix core may be created via 3-D printing with all or part ofthe core, coating and/or opening created by other processes.

Further, it should be understood that the process may be used to depositmultiple layers having the same or different thicknesses. In thatregard, the dimensions of medical implant devices can vary widely,

However, the implant device envisioned by this invention may be aboutthe size of a shirt button or smaller. Thus, very approximate dimensionsare about 0.5 mm to 25 mm in height and about 3 mm to 130 mm inlength/diameter. Nevertheless, in the case of a large patient (e.g., ahorse), the dimensions in height and/or length/diameter may be muchlarger. See, e.g., the discussion of the effects of these dimensions asset forth in the aforesaid Axxia prior patents and patent applications.

In addition, 3-D printing may be used to create radio opaque markers (asvery generally described in Axxia prior patent application Ser. No.2008/011908).

By utilizing the present 3-D invention, the thickness of an individuallayer deposited via a 3-D printing machine can be as thin as about 0.01mm or less. Examples of commercially available industrial 3-D printingequipment and software can be readily obtained via the Internet. See,for example, the websites of Stratasys, Organo Holdings, 3D Systems,Fortus, Daussault Systems, Autodesk and others.

The present invention is not limited to any specific 3-D printingmachine or software. In other words, there is no preferred 3-D equipmentor software.

By way of example only and with respect to the only ultimate productsdisclosed in the Axxia prior patents/applications identified above, theimplant has an impermeable outer coating that surrounds a drug/non-drugmatrix core. After implantation, the drug material is released on acontrolled basis through one or more openings in the coating material tothe mammalian (human or animal) patient.

As a result, one layer of the present implant may contain only one typeof material (e.g., a coating material) as well as an opening. However,another layer of the present implant may contain multiple types ofmaterial (e.g., coating, EVA or TPU, and drug materials) as well as anopening.

In other words, the process of the present invention may be used tocreate not only the core (the interior drug containing matrix material)of the implant described in the Axxia patents/applications but also theopenings and/or the micro-channels within the core that in combinationfacilitate release of the drug from the matrix core into one or moreopenings which lead to the exterior of the implant and from which thedrug is released.

It is believed that one potentially important feature of the presentprocess may be the creation of a strong or an improved bond (viachemical, mechanical and/or other means) between the coating and thematrix core materials. Thus, for example, a separate bonding materialcan be used between the outside coating material and the matrix core.

Alternatively, a very thin or ultra thin layer or portion of a layercomposed of the coating material and the non-drug containing matrixmaterial may be formed via 3-D printing (either simultaneously orsequentially). These materials can be separated deposited via differentnozzles or they can be deposited together as a mixture via the nozzles.This may result in a strong or an improved bond.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a productmade by the process of the present invention. The size and dimensions ofthe product have been exaggerated for illustrative purposes.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the product in FIG. 1 along line2-2. The size and dimensions of the product have been exaggerated forillustrative purposes.

FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D and 3E illustrate in cross-sectional, partial viewsalong line 2-2 some (but not necessarily all) of the processing stepsrequired to fabricate the products of FIGS. 1 and 2. Once again, thesize and dimensions have been exaggerated for illustrative purposes. Inaddition, the size, location and number of 3-D printing nozzles havebeen exaggerated for illustrative purposes.

FIG. 4 illustrates the use of a mold (that can be reusable or not) toserve as the boundary between individual implant devices. The dimensionsof the mold in this drawing also have been exaggerated for illustrativepurposes.

FIG. 5 illustrates the creation of an implant where more than the corecontains more than one drug.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention covers a wide variety of 3-D printing processesthat may be used to create virtually any implant or non-implant device.Therefore, the selection and description of a particularimplant/non-implant device or a particular 3-D process for illustrativepurposes is not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

In that regard, the implant device in FIGS. 1 and 2 is prior art, seeAxxia U.S. Pat. No. 6,126,956. That implant structure is used solely forillustrative purposes and it is not intended to limit the scope of thisinvention because the invention covers any implant device manufacturedin whole or in part via a 3-D printing process.

Turning to FIG. 1, an abuse deterrent, subcutaneous implant 2 permitsthe controlled release of self-contained drug materials. Aself-contained drug implant means that all of the drug materials arewithin the implant prior to being implanted into the patient. The phraseis intended to distinguish medical devices (such as a pump) whereinadditional drugs are introduced into the patient via the device afterthe device has been implanted into the patient.

Implant 2 typically will have a top 4, a bottom 6 and an outside wall 8.Although FIG. 1 illustrates implant 2 in a button-like or cylindricalshape, virtually any geometric shape can be constructed, if desired. Anopening 10 permits the controlled release of the drug—whether a narcoticor non-narcotic drug.

Although FIG. 1 shows one opening 10, it also is possible that one ormore openings could be used with respect to an implant containing morethan one drug having different release rates. Typically, however, oneopening can be used with respect to the release of more than one drug.See FIG. 5 discussed below.

In addition, all or part of opening 10 may contain removable materials.For example, the opening may contain rapidly biodegradable substances sothat the opening is not complete until after insertion into the human oranimal at which time this rapidly biodegradable material will beabsorbed or will otherwise disappear in the human or animal. Examples ofsuch a rapidly biodegradable material include, inter alia,“Biodegradable Polymer Implants to Treat Brain Tumors,” Journal ofControlled Release 74 (2001) 63-67; and “An Introduction toBiodegradable Polymers as Implant Materials,” White Paper from Inion OY(2005).

If a rapidly biodegradable material is used to create temporary plugs atthe portions of the opening 16 at and near the top and the bottom ofimplant 2 it may be desirable to fill the remainder of the opening witha different rapidly biodegradable material, such as water or saline. Inthat situation, the plug portion of the rapidly biodegradable materialmay be selected from suitable materials so that the plug will rapidlydegrade after implantation—but not during normal production,transportation or handling.

Of course, alternatively the opening may be filled withnon-biodegradable materials in during the 3-D manufacturing process solong those materials are removed prior to being implanted in thepatient.

FIG. 2, shows the cross-sectional view of the product in FIG. 1 alongline 2-2. The top, bottom and side walls create an impermeable coating12. Within coating 12, is a controlled release matrix core 14 containingboth drug and non-drug material. By virtue of 3-D printing the structureof this matrix core and its release pattern may be controlled veryprecisely. Matrix core 14 has an uncoated wall 16 within implant 2 thatabuts opening 10 in order to permit the desired controlled release ofthe drug to the patient.

Coating 12 may be made up of one or more materials. Some examples ofcoating materials include, but are not limited to, polymers, plastics,thermoplastics, EVA, TPU and silicone.

Coating 12 should be impermeable in at least two ways. First, it must beimpermeable in terms of prohibiting the flow of the drug material fromthe matrix core 14 other than via designed openings.

Second, it must be impermeable in the sense that it has a high breakingstrength. U.S. Pat. No. 8,114,383 indicates that the breaking strengthshould be at least 500 N. However, it is believed that a lower breakingstrength (such as about 250 N) is still sufficiently high so as to becommercially acceptable.

In addition, the present invention also contemplates the optional use ofa bonding material between coating 12 and matrix core 14. These bondingmaterials are well known and they are preferably chosen on the basis ofthe coating and core materials.

If the coating and non-drug matrix core materials consist of EVA, TPUand/or silicone, any suitable materials may be selected. Further, thebonding material may be created from a mixture of the coating materialand the matrix core material.

If the bonding material is sufficiently impermeable, then coating 12need not be impermeable.

As described above, matrix core 14 contains both a drug and non-drugmaterial. In the drug abuse field, the drug will involve a narcotic,See, U.S. Pat. No. 8,114,383, col. 2, 1. 45 to col. 5, 1. 32 for apartial listing of narcotic drugs.

In the drug compliance, pain management and animal health fields, thedrug may be narcotic and/or non-narcotic.

The currently preferred process involves the use of just 3-D printingmethods (but it does not exclude the use of some non-3-D printingsteps). Thus, FIGS. 3A to 3E illustrate only a 3-D printer process forthe manufacture of medical implant devices.

FIG. 3A illustrates the first step in the preferred embodiment of the3-D printing process. In this preferred embodiment, the entire implant 2is built solely via 3-D printing. However, as described above, thepresent invention only requires that at least a portion of one layer ofthe implant device be made via 3-D printing. Thus, the invention coversthe use of a 3-D printing process with other processes for making animplant.

Stage 10 is the product building platform upon which the medical implant2 device will be built via a very thin or ultra thin layer-by-layer 3-Dprinting deposition process. As currently envisioned, there will be atleast three layer-by-layer depositions.

Stage 10 may be stationary. If stage 10 is stationary, then one 3-Dprocess design involves the use of multiple arrays of nozzles for thelayer-by-layer deposition of materials. In that situation, thestationary product building stage 10 utilizes multiple movable arrays ofnozzles capable of depositing each layer or a portion of each layer.Thus, each separate array of nozzles can be designed to deposit one ormore layers of materials for building the implant device.

Although it is conceivable that a single array of nozzles can be used todeposit different materials via one or more of the nozzles in thatsingle array, it is presently contemplated that the use of multiplearrays of nozzles will be more commercially acceptable in terms, forexample, of the potential problems that may arise where more than onematerial is deposited by an individual nozzle at various layer steps ofthe layer-by-layer building process.

Currently, a non-stationary stage 10 is preferred. In that situation,the product may be built layer-by-layer by moving it along a path havingmore than one array of nozzles. This product building path may consistof one chamber or more than one chamber,

To ensure a high degree of product purity, the use of multiple “clean”chambers may be desirable. Thus, for example, a separate chamber may bedesired for (a) the layer-by-layer construction of the bottomcoating/opening/coating layer, (b) the layer-by-layer construction ofthe coating/core/opening/core/coating layer and (c) the layer-by-layerconstruction of the top coating/opening/coating layer.

Further, separate chambers may be desirable with respect to the optionalbonding layers between (i) the top layer of the bottom coating and thebottom layer of the matrix core and (ii) the bottom layer of the topcoating and the top layer of the matrix core. See FIGS. 3B and 3D.

FIG. 3A also illustrates a bottom coating layer 12 of the implant 2device being deposited on stage 10. Bottom coating layer 12 contains oneor more impermeable coating materials 14. In addition, this layercontains an opening 16 or opening materials (that will later be removedin whole or in part to create an opening during manufacture). In thepreferred embodiment, bottom coating layer 12 is created via an array of3-D printing nozzles 18, only some of which are illustrated in FIG. 3A.

As indicated above, the size of the controlled release medical implant 2can vary. For example, the implants may be the size of a shirt button orsmaller. However, the implants may be larger, depending upon theparticular application, the desired controlled release rate and/or thesize of the patient (e.g., a large horse).

The use of a 3-D printing method permits a considerable variation in thethickness of the materials being deposited on a specific layer and italso permits considerable variation in thickness of the various layersbeing deposited. Thus, for example, on the very first layer-by-layerdeposition shown in FIG. 3A, bottom coating layer 12 has one thicknessand opening 16 has no thickness.

Similarly, bottom coating layer 12 can be built in one or morelayer-by-layer depositions. If there is more than one such deposition,the depositions may be of the same or different thicknesses. If morethan one layer is deposited, then the choice of coating materials andtheir composition % may vary.

FIG. 3B illustrates the situation where one or more layers of coating 12have been deposited so that the desired thickness of the coatingmaterial has been achieved. FIG. 3B also illustrates the next differentprocess step wherein an optional bonding layer 20 is deposited.

Although bonding layer 20 may be a single material that is differentfrom the coating material 12 or the matrix core material, FIG. 3illustrates the situation, where the bonding layer is composed of thecoating material and the matrix core material. More specifically, inthis preferred embodiment, the bonding material is a mixture of thecoating material 14 and the non-drug matrix core material. FIG. 3B showsthis mixture being deposited simultaneously via 3-D printer nozzles.However, it also is contemplated that the nozzles 18 may deposit thecoating and matrix core materials separately (either at the same time orsequentially).

Alternatively, the bonding material may be composed, in whole or inpart, of different materials so long as the bonding material ensuressufficient adhesion between the coating materials 14 and the matrix corematerials.

As with all of the layers in this process, the thickness of the bondingmaterial layer may be varied depending upon the design requirements ofthe implant 2 device. FIG. 3B illustrates the deposition of only onelayer of bonding materials. However, more than one layer may beutilized. If more than one layer is deposited, then the choice ofbonding materials and their composition % may vary.

FIG. 3C illustrates the deposition of the first layer of the matrix core22. The matrix core 22 is made from the matrix core materials that areselected when designing the composition and structure of the implant 2.In the preferred embodiment, the matrix core materials are deposited via3-D nozzles 18 in the form of a mixture of drug and non-drug materials(as, for example, described in the mixture of materials disclosed inAxxia's prior patents and applications). The particular % composition ofthis mixture can be varied to meet the desired specifications for theimplant 2. Further, these materials may be deposited homogenously ornon-homogeneously depending upon the design of the desiredmicro-channels.

However, it also is envisioned that the drug and non-drug materialsforming the matrix core may be deposited separately via nozzles 18 thatdeposit only one of these materials. The overall matrix core structureof such a deposition process is believed to provide potentially enhanceddrug release profiles because specifically defined micro-channels can bedesigned via such a deposition process.

FIG. 3C also shows optional bonding layer 20.

FIG. 3D illustrates the situation where one or more layers matrix corematerials have been deposited so that the desired thickness of thematrix core 22 has been achieved. FIG. 3D also illustrates the nextdifferent process step wherein another optional bonding layer 20 isdeposited. The comments with respect to FIG. 3B are generally applicablehere.

FIG. 3D shows where optional bonding layer 20 is being deposited via 3-Dprinter nozzles. As a result, optional bonding layer 20 surrounds thematrix core 22. If more than one layer is deposited, then the choice ofbonding materials and their composition % may vary.

FIG. 3E illustrates the situation where one or more layers of coatingmaterial 14 have been deposited via a 3-D printing process so as tocreate the top portion of coating layer 12. If more than one layer isdeposited, then the choice of coating materials and their composition %may vary.

As discussed above, the preferred embodiment creates an opening 16during the manufacture of implant device 2. However, the presentinvention also contemplates the situation where materials are insertedinto opening 16 on an interim or temporary basis during the 3-Dmanufacturing process. However, as explained herein, these materialswill typically be entirely removed prior to implanting the device intothe patient.

Thus, with respect to non-biodegradable materials, all of thosematerials should be removed prior to implanting via well known meanssuch as etching, mechanical means (such as perforation or drilling),chemical means, lasers or the like. At the present time, it is theinventors' opinion that chemical means appear to be the leastcommercially viable because they may have the potential effect ofinterfering with the drug materials in the matrix core 22 and/or ofinterfering with the controlled drug release.

Alternatively, rapidly biodegradable materials may be utilized withinthe opening. These materials may be entirely removed via the means setforth above.

However, it also is envisioned that a small portion of the rapidlybiodegradable materials may be left within the opening 16 so that thisportion will quickly disappear after being implanted in the patient. Theremaining rapidly biodegradable material may be in the form of a thinplug at the ends of the opening and/or a thin coating along thesidewalls of the opening.

In another embodiment of the invention, the outside shape of the medicalimplants or non-implants can be constructed by having each layer createdwithin an existing outside mold or the like. This may be beneficial withrespect to spherical, non-cylindrical and/or non-flat shapes.

FIG. 4 illustrates a situation where an outside mold 26 may be utilizedto enhance the rapid production of large numbers of implants. In oneexample of a mold 26, a matrix mold has curved mold walls 28 that assistin building large numbers of implants.

In this preferred embodiment the mold is re-usable and an individualimplant device 2 is created within the separate walls 28 of mold 26. Thewalls of mold 26 may be designed so that they create the appropriateshape for the implants. In addition, the walls 28 may be coating with anappropriate material so that, upon removal from stage 10, the implantsare easily removed from the mold (e.g., by gravity).

Alternatively, the mold may be non-reusable. For example, a thin moldwall may be created so that it becomes a part of the implants beingmanufactured. Then, after 3-D processing is complete, the individualimplants may separated from each other at the by using laser or othercutting means to remove all or part of the mold.

In that situation, mold 26 may be created prior to the 3-D printingprocess. On the other hand, it also is envisioned the nozzles 18 can beused to create/build such a non-reusable mold during the implantmanufacturing process.

Thus, it is contemplated that, as with semiconductor manufacturing wherelarge numbers of individual semiconductors are created at one timeduring processing, implants 12 may be created in very large numbers bythe present invention. Subsequently, as described above, the individualimplants may be separated by mechanical means (e.g., cutting via lasersor blade mechanisms) or by other means (e.g., via chemical etching orotherwise removing the undesired portions). Also, as described above,reusable or non-reusable matrices may be used to create large numbers ofimplants.

Although the preferred embodiment in FIG. 3 do not utilize any non-3-Dprinting steps, the present invention does not mandate that only 3-Dprinting steps are used to make the medical implant or non-implantdevices. Instead, it only requires that a 3-D printing process is usedto make at least a portion of one or more layers of the devices.

An example of this includes the situation where a sheet of the coatinglayer material 14 is laid upon a stage 10. See FIG. 3A. This coatingmaterial may be part or all of bottom coating layer 12. Thereafter, theimplant device 12 is generally built in accordance with FIGS. 3B to 3E.Thus, where many implants are built upon this sheet of material, theindividual implants may be separated from each other via laser or othermeans. Similarly, the openings may be created either via (a) laser orother means or (b) non-deposition in the openings area when practicingthe invention.

Another example is where the matrix core material is made in whole or inpart via 3-D printing. This matrix core can be embedded with a coatinglayer made by any number of means—such as 3-D printing, extrusion,shrink wrap, spray et cetera. Thereafter, an opening may be created byany of the means described herein or otherwise known to one of ordinaryskill in the art.

In addition, it should be understood that the materials in anyparticular layer (e.g., the coating and matrix core layers) may varywithin that layer due to the thin and very thin nature of the 3-Dprinting method.

Moreover, as mentioned above, the implant may contain more than onedrug. FIG. 5 illustrates one example of such an implant. This embodimentshows a “double decker” implant design. Implant 2 has a coating 12 thatessentially surrounds two cores 14. Implant 2 also has an opening 19with uncoated walls 16. In this embodiment, different drug materials 30,32 are contained in the two cores 14. Of course, it is possible to havemore than just two drugs within the implant by, for example, have morethan two cores.

As may be readily appreciated by those of skill in the manufacture ofmedical implant or non-implant device art, the present invention can bepracticed other than as is specifically disclosed herein. Thus, whilethe invention has been described generally and with respect to certainpreferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the foregoing andother modifications and variations may be made without departing fromthe scope or the spirit of the invention.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A multi-step method of forming a pluralityof mammalian subcutaneous medical implants, each implant comprising amatrix whereby the matrix releases one or more biodegradable drugs on acontrolled basis over at least a three day period, wherein the methodcomprises: supplying a prefabricated material to a first, cleandepositing chamber, depositing one or more matrix layers of saidplurality of implants directly or indirectly over said prefabricatedmaterial using at least one computer controlled 3-D printer having oneor more printer nozzles within said first, clean depositing chamber; atleast partial hardening of said deposited one or more matrix layersusing non-ambient thermal or UV radiation either in said firstdepositing chamber or prior to a subsequent 3-D printer depositingwithin a second separate, clean depositing chamber; transporting fromsaid first depositing chamber to said second depositing chamber thedeposited one or more matrix layers of said plurality of implants oversaid prefabricated material, depositing within said second depositingchamber directly or indirectly over said transported prefabricatedmaterial one or more additional matrix layers using at least onecomputer controlled 3-D printer having one or more printer nozzles; atleast partially hardening said second chamber deposited additionalmatrix layers using non-ambient thermal or UV radiation either withinsaid second depositing chamber or prior to a subsequent separation ofsaid plurality of implants; completing the formation of said pluralityof implants; and separating said plurality of implants after saiddepositing steps so as to form a large number of said implants at thesame time.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein each implantcomprises a coating that is formed at least in part by using a computercontrolled 3-D printer to deposit at least a portion of one coatinglayer.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein a multilayer portionof the matrices of said plurality of implants is formed solely by 3-Dprinters using one or more printer nozzles.
 4. A multi-step method offorming a plurality of biodegradable mammalian medical non-implants,each non-implant comprising a matrix whereby each non-implant releasesone or more biodegradable drugs on a controlled basis, wherein themethod comprises: supplying a prefabricated material to a first, cleandepositing chamber, depositing one or more matrix layers of saidplurality of non-implants directly or indirectly over said prefabricatedmaterial using at least one computer controlled 3-D printer having oneor more printer nozzles within said first, clean depositing chamber; atleast partial hardening of said deposited one or more matrix layersusing non-ambient thermal or UV radiation either in said firstdepositing chamber or prior to a subsequent 3-D printer depositingwithin a second separate, clean depositing chamber; transporting fromsaid first depositing chamber to said second depositing chamber thedeposited one or more matrix layers of said plurality of non-implantsover said prefabricated material, depositing within said seconddepositing chamber directly or indirectly over said transportedprefabricated material one or more additional matrix layers using atleast one computer controlled 3-D printer having one or more printernozzles; at least partially hardening said second chamber depositedadditional matrix layers using non-ambient thermal or UV radiationeither within said second depositing chamber or prior to a subsequentseparation of said plurality of non-implants; completing the formationof said plurality of non-implants; and separating said plurality ofnon-implants after said depositing steps so as to form a large number ofsaid non-implants at the same time.
 5. The method according to claim 4,wherein each non-implant comprises a biodegradable coating that isformed at least in part by using a computer controlled 3-D printer todeposit at least a portion of one coating layer.
 6. The method accordingto claim 4, wherein a multilayer portion of the matrices of saidplurality of non-implants is formed solely by 3-D printers using one ormore printer nozzles.